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Advances in 3D Geo-Information Sciences | SpringerLink

 

Then, the environmental impacts will be classified based on their risk levels. Finally, after finding all current activities, the activities will be compared with each other to be ranked in order of their environmental risk levels. This means that the most risky activity will be listed first, while the least risky activity will be listed last on the report.

The proposed algorithm was evaluated by the same expert panel group to ensure the accuracy and efficiency of the final system.

For instance, the Task object was used to retrieve all tasks in the Active-Project object model. The database was opened using connection string; and information related to current activities was retrieved from Worksheet and Range objects. The developed SCPS consists of three main phases: input, procedure, and output. Environmental Risk database includes the risk rate of construction activity related impacts on the environment, including their frequency and severity.

Using the environmental impacts assessment database, the project management team can be aware of the most dangerous environmental impacts during each construction activity.

The Construction Activity database is based on the common construction activities. Sustainable Strategy database contains the essential sustainable strategies which were extracted from relevant references Ofori et al. These strategies identify the ITcon Vol. In the first stage of the evaluation, a meeting was held to describe the SCPS and provide required instructions. More details of the evaluation will be discussed in subsequent sections.

They were interviewed to rank the frequency and severity of common environmental impacts of construction projects in Malaysia.

About 73 percent of the interviewees had more than 15 years of experience, and approximately 13 percent had less than five years of experience. The risk level of environmental impacts was calculated with Equation 1, and sorted in descending order. Higher scores indicate higher impacts on the environment compared to others. This indicates that choosing appropriate and local products and materials may result in a significant reduction in the environmental impact, because the lower rate of fuel will be required to transport materials.

The noise generated during construction and its influence vary, depending on the nature of the activities, the type and the status of equipment being used, the nature of the surrounding environment, and considerations of environmental and health regulations Gannoruwa and Ruwanpura, Even though their shares are small, it is important to decrease their environmental impact. There is a potential to decrease their impact by applying advanced technologies or changing construction equipment.

Table 5 represents the environmental risk level of the five common construction activities as a result of summation of the risk level of related environmental impacts to each activity.

In addition, the risk levels are normalized to bring all of the variables into proportion with one another in order to provide approximately equivalent values for the better understanding of variables. Equation 2 shows the calculation of normal risk level Etzkorn, The SCPS includes automatic mode and manual mode.

In the manual mode, the operators can customize the report by selecting the sustainable strategies. The output of the SCPS is a report including start dates, finish dates, environmental impacts, and sustainable performance for current construction activities. The environmental impacts are prioritized in order of risk levels so that the managers would be aware of critical environmental impacts.

This attribute helps the project management team to be aware of which sustainable and protective measures should be considered for the current activities so as to improve their sustainable performance and mitigate negative environmental impacts. In the construction field, usability assessment is used to evaluate proposed prototypes Nourbakhsh et al.

In this study, two instruments adopted by Davis Davis, were used to evaluate the usefulness and ease-of-use of the SCPS. These two instruments are selected in this study to find the usability of the SCPS on sustainable construction performance, because of their proven psychometric quality such as reliability, content validity, and construct validity Cheung et al. During the meeting with five construction managers, first, the instructions for using the SCPS were described to the participants.

At the end of the meeting, users filled a questionnaire to express their feedback regarding the ease-of-use and the usefulness of the SCPS as a sustainable planning tool. The questions of two instruments -adopted from Davis -which were discussed during evaluation are presented in Appendix 1. The SCPS has two modes, automatic and manual mode. The automatic mode is recommended for less experienced users since the sustainability report can be automatically generated in two steps as shown in Figure 4.

In contrast, the manual mode is designed to enable experienced users to manipulate the schedule if a task requires specific attention regarding sustainable construction. Users can browse tasks on the schedule Step 2- Figure 6 , search the database looking for a specific sustainable regulation Step 3- Figure 6 , then based on the results obtained Step 4- Figure 6 , select an appropriate sustainable regulation and assign it to the task Step 5- Figure 6.

The results of the evaluation show that the SCPS is an innovative tool to promote sustainable performance to protect the natural ecosystem. In addition, the SCPS proposes a new tool, which facilitates daily monitoring of sustainable performance.

During the evaluation, interviewees emphasized that the user interface of the SCPC was easy to understand and did require having prior knowledge of the subject. This advantage will help to undertake the required sustainability measures to minimize the impacts of construction process on the environment.

The users mentioned that using SCPS made it easy for them to ensure that the necessary sustainability measures would be accomplished in the ITcon Vol. They expressed that managers could use toolbox in daily meetings to provide clarification to workers about environmental impacts and sustainability measures of daily construction activities.

Thus, construction participants will be motivated to precisely act in accordance with the sustainable construction strategies. Moreover, the sustainable-monitoring task is simplified when using the report from the SCPS to compare with actual sustainable construction performance on site. The integration of the construction schedule with environmental impacts and sustainable construction strategies can create a clear and mutual understanding among the project team.

Overall, the interviewees highly recommend using the SCPS as a tool to improve sustainable construction performance. To do so, first this study investigated the common environmental impacts across construction activities of residential buildings in order of their risk level.

It was found that the most negative environmental impacts are resource transportation, noise pollution, and dust generation with construction machinery. In contrast, the least negative environmental impacts resulted from construction activities are greenhouse gas emissions and waterborne Toxicities.

In addition, summation of risk level of different environmental impacts related to each activity illustrated that earthwork is the riskiest construction activity compared to others.

The risk assessment results were used to develop a Sustainable Construction Planning System SCPS , in which sustainable construction can be automatically planned. The SCPS helps with reporting the riskiest activities on a site as well as the environmental impacts and sustainable construction strategies associated with scheduled activities. It provides reports that make management teams aware of the main environmental impacts and required protective measures; thus, the possibility of overlooking these environmental impacts and the required sustainability measures will be mitigated.

The SCPS helps with easily identifying the potential environmental impacts of construction activities in order to address them before starting the activity.

The SCPS also can be used as a useful tool to assist designers in identifying the negative impacts of construction activities on the environment and integrate sustainable construction strategies in the design stage. The contribution of this study is to develop and test a prototype to integrate construction schedules with sustainable construction indicator databases: Environmental Impacts databases, Construction Activities databases, risk assessment databases, and Sustainable Strategies databases.

Although the SCPS can be integrated to any construction schedule, the developed databases are limited to residential construction projects. This study could be a platform for developing automated sustainable construction planning systems that can be used widely in construction projects.

Future research needs to investigate environmental impacts and sustainable strategies related to different construction projects such as high-rise buildings and commercial buildings. In addition, these databases cover five common construction activities such as earth working, reinforcing, concreting, form working, and masonry. Future research will investigate additional construction activities and related environmental impacts as well as applicable sustainable strategies so as to design comprehensive sustainable planning and monitoring systems.

Proposal Blackfriars is an upcoming area in central London. The block, owned by a Malaysian firm specialising in hotels and residencies, is part of the zone, where high rise development is encouraged, creating a new centrality in the city.

The scheme engages the vision of the municipality with a story high residential building, a hotel volume and commercial activities on the ground floor activating the piazza spread at the east side.

Horizontal ribbons wrapping the whole building keep the tower visually grounded while the facade treatment makes the building lighter as we go up in levels. Proposal The new office building aims to bring a connection between the campus of AxelSpringer and its surroundings. The low rise volume of the company offers a continuous flow from the city to the upper floors creating a plaza that refers in the same time to the employees and the residents of the area.

Cremers, Judith M. Kessens Pages Pages Back to top. About this book During the last decade developments in 3D Geoinformation have made substantial progress.

We are about to have a more complete spatial model and understanding of our planet in different scales. Hence, various communities and cities offer 3D landscape and city models as valuable source and instrument for sustainable management of rural and urban resources.

Also municipal utilities, real estate companies etc. To meet the challenges due to the newest changes academics and practitioners met at the 5th International Workshop on 3D Geoinformation in order to present recent developments and to discuss future trends. This book comprises a selection of evaluated, high quality papers that were presented at this workshop in November The topics focus explicitly on the last achievements methods, algorithms, models, systems with respect to 3D geo-information requirements.

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